1. Potsdam Conference- This was held at Cecilienhof in Potsdam occupied Germany. The Soviet Union, United Kingdom, and the United States was there. They had this conference to discuss how to administer the defeated Nazi Germany. Some other goals include peace treaty issues and countering the effects of war.
2. Long Telegram (X Article)- This was published in July 1947 in Foreign Affairs magazine, and it was written by the Deputy Chief of Mission of the United States, who was George F. Kennedy. It showed the U.S. how the Soviet Government viewed themselves in international community.
3. Iron Curtain- This is the physical boundary of Europe that divided it into two parts between the end of World War II and the end of the Cold War. It became border defenses between Eastern and Western Europe, and one of the main symbol was the Berlin Wall.
4. GDR- It stands for the German Democratic Republic and it was a socialist state. It later combines with the Federal Republic of Germany to form the present state of Germany.
5. Satellite Nations- The refers to a country who is independent, but is under heavy influence or control by another country or state.
6. Containment- This was a policy of the United States to prevent the spread of Communism. Also, it wanted to prevent the "domino effect", which is the thought that if one region turns toward Communism, then the regions or countries nearby that region would follow as in a domino effect.
7. Brezhnev Doctrine- This was a Soviet Union foreign policy that stated, "When forces that are hostile to socialism try to turn the development of some socialist country towards capitalism, it becomes not only a problem of the country concerned, but a common problem and concern of all socialist countries." This means that socialist countries stick by each other.
8. Occupation Zones- The Allied Powers of World War II divided Germany up into four parts, also known as occupation zones. The countries who it was divided among was the United States, Britain, French, and the Soviet Union.
9. Berlin Blockade- It was one of the first major crises of the Cold War and it was when the Soviet Union blocked off supplies of the Western forces by road in Berlin. Because of this, the Western Allies came up with the Berlin Airlift. The blockade was lifted because the Soviets were deeply embarrassed and humiliated since they were getting in more supplies by air than they were by land.
10. De-Stalinization- Refers to the time in which the eliminating of the cult of personality and Stalinist ways took place. It also ended forced labor.
11. Hungarian Revolution- It took place in 1956 and it was a revolt against the Stalinist government of the People's Republic of Hungary. It started as a student demonstration and turned into a revolution in Hungary.
12. Arms Race- This is a competition between two parties for military control. Each party tries to create more weapons than the other party. The Nuclear Arms Race was a competition between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War in order to see who had more nuclear power.
13. Détente- A French term that means easing. This term is used to describe the time when the Cold War had a shortening in tension, and it involved the United States and the Soviet Union.
14. Nikita Khrushchev- He was a general of the Soviet Union and also he was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. He was in charge of the de-stalinization process.
15. Viet Cong- It was an army in South Vietnam and Cambodia and they fought the United States and South Vietnamese during the Vietnam War. The Viet Cong used Guerrilla tactics and they defeated the United States.
Friday, May 22, 2009
Saturday, May 16, 2009
SAQ's Chinese Revolution
1. Japan was in a position of power over China during WW1 because they were more industrialized and also they had a stronger military. This enabled the Japanese mindset for their move into Manchuria because they felt more confident about themselves and also they knew they had a stronger military.
2. Communism was so appealing to the masses in China because of propaganda and other means. Mao Ze Dong lead the Communist Party in the battle against the KMT in the Chinese Civil War. Mao gained much of his support from the Long March because people were impressed with him.
3. The Cultural Revolution was a period of widespread social and political upheaval from 1966 through 1976. It was started by Mao Ze Dong. I think he labeled the "Cultural Revolution" as such, even though the events didn't really warrant it because he wanted it to sound like something good was going to come out of it. This time period can compare to The Great Purge because many died and also it was an upheaval.
2. Communism was so appealing to the masses in China because of propaganda and other means. Mao Ze Dong lead the Communist Party in the battle against the KMT in the Chinese Civil War. Mao gained much of his support from the Long March because people were impressed with him.
3. The Cultural Revolution was a period of widespread social and political upheaval from 1966 through 1976. It was started by Mao Ze Dong. I think he labeled the "Cultural Revolution" as such, even though the events didn't really warrant it because he wanted it to sound like something good was going to come out of it. This time period can compare to The Great Purge because many died and also it was an upheaval.
Saturday, April 18, 2009
Term Definitions- World War II
1. Invasion of Poland- This was the event that started World War II. It is when German forces invaded Poland and it was a brutal since they used their military. This made Poland's allies mad and therefore the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand declared war on Germany on September 3, 1939.
2. Blitzkrieg- This is a word that describes a military tactic that the Germans used in WWII. It means lightening war in German and it included surprise attacks.
3. Nazi-Soviet Non Aggression Pact- In 1939, Hitler was getting ready for war, but did not want to make the same mistakes that Germany did in WWI so he signed a pact with the Soviets. This agreement that was between Stalin and Hitler was important because it made Germany and Russia neutral between each other.
4. Tripartite Pact- This was an agreement signed on September 27, 1940 in Berlin, Germany. Saburo Kurusu of Japan, Adolf Hitler of Germany, and Galeazzon Ciano of Italy signed it and it made the Axis Powers of WWII.
5. Anti Comintern Pact- It was signed on November 25, 1936 between Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan. It was directed to go against the Soviet Union.
6. Operation Barbarossa- Code name for Nazi Germany's attack on the Soviet Union that took place on June 22, 1941.
7. Winston Churchill- British Politician and Prime minister of the United Kingdom. He was known for leading the United Kingdom during World War II.
8. Atlantic Charter- It was the blueprint for the world after WWII. It is also used for the foundation of many treaties in the world today.
9. Pearl Harbor- This is a harbor on the island of O'ahu where the Americans took on a surprise attack by the Japanese. It took place on December 7, 1941 and this is what caused the Americans to get militarily involved in WWII. This is also where the headquarters for the U.S. Pacific Fleet is.
10. D-Day- Took place on June 6, 1944 when the Allied forces landed on French coastline called the Normandy coast to fight Nazi Germany.
11. Stalingrad- A battle between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in order to gain control of Stalingrad, Russia. This was the bloodiest battles in modern history and a turning point of WWII.
12. Midway- This is a major naval battle that took place between June 4-7, 1942. The Americans destroyed four aircraft carriers of the Japanese and this is what destroyed Japan's military strength.
13. Hiroshima & Nagasaki- The United States's nuclear attacks on the Empire of Japan at the end of WWII. They took place on August 6th and 9th in 1945. The nuclear weapon, "Little Boy", was dropped on Hiroshima and the nuclear weapon, "Fat Man", was dropped on Nagasaki.
14. Robert Oppenheimer- He was an American physicist and he is best known for his role in the Manhattan Project, which is the effort to try and create the first nuclear weapon for World War II. He is also called "The Father of the Atomic Bomb."
15. Yalta Conference- It was a wartime meeting involving Franklin Roosevelt from the United States, Winston Churchill of the United Kingdom, and Stalin from the Soviet Union to discuss what to do with the nations from Germany. It took place between February 4th to February 11th in 1945.
16. F.D.R- These are the initials of Franklin D. Roosevelt who was the 32nd president of the United States. He was the president during WWII and is the only president to have been elected more than two terms.
17. Dwight D. Eisenhower- He was the 34th president of the United States and during WWII he served as Supreme Commander of the Allied forces in Europe. He became the first Supreme Commander of NATO in 1951.
18. NATO- It stands for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, which is a military alliance from the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on April 4, 1949. The headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium.
19. Warsaw Pact- This was an organization of communist states in Europe's central and Eastern parts. The treaty was signed on May 14, 1955 in Warsaw, Poland and it was in response of West Germany joining the NATO.
2. Blitzkrieg- This is a word that describes a military tactic that the Germans used in WWII. It means lightening war in German and it included surprise attacks.
3. Nazi-Soviet Non Aggression Pact- In 1939, Hitler was getting ready for war, but did not want to make the same mistakes that Germany did in WWI so he signed a pact with the Soviets. This agreement that was between Stalin and Hitler was important because it made Germany and Russia neutral between each other.
4. Tripartite Pact- This was an agreement signed on September 27, 1940 in Berlin, Germany. Saburo Kurusu of Japan, Adolf Hitler of Germany, and Galeazzon Ciano of Italy signed it and it made the Axis Powers of WWII.
5. Anti Comintern Pact- It was signed on November 25, 1936 between Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan. It was directed to go against the Soviet Union.
6. Operation Barbarossa- Code name for Nazi Germany's attack on the Soviet Union that took place on June 22, 1941.
7. Winston Churchill- British Politician and Prime minister of the United Kingdom. He was known for leading the United Kingdom during World War II.
8. Atlantic Charter- It was the blueprint for the world after WWII. It is also used for the foundation of many treaties in the world today.
9. Pearl Harbor- This is a harbor on the island of O'ahu where the Americans took on a surprise attack by the Japanese. It took place on December 7, 1941 and this is what caused the Americans to get militarily involved in WWII. This is also where the headquarters for the U.S. Pacific Fleet is.
10. D-Day- Took place on June 6, 1944 when the Allied forces landed on French coastline called the Normandy coast to fight Nazi Germany.
11. Stalingrad- A battle between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in order to gain control of Stalingrad, Russia. This was the bloodiest battles in modern history and a turning point of WWII.
12. Midway- This is a major naval battle that took place between June 4-7, 1942. The Americans destroyed four aircraft carriers of the Japanese and this is what destroyed Japan's military strength.
13. Hiroshima & Nagasaki- The United States's nuclear attacks on the Empire of Japan at the end of WWII. They took place on August 6th and 9th in 1945. The nuclear weapon, "Little Boy", was dropped on Hiroshima and the nuclear weapon, "Fat Man", was dropped on Nagasaki.
14. Robert Oppenheimer- He was an American physicist and he is best known for his role in the Manhattan Project, which is the effort to try and create the first nuclear weapon for World War II. He is also called "The Father of the Atomic Bomb."
15. Yalta Conference- It was a wartime meeting involving Franklin Roosevelt from the United States, Winston Churchill of the United Kingdom, and Stalin from the Soviet Union to discuss what to do with the nations from Germany. It took place between February 4th to February 11th in 1945.
16. F.D.R- These are the initials of Franklin D. Roosevelt who was the 32nd president of the United States. He was the president during WWII and is the only president to have been elected more than two terms.
17. Dwight D. Eisenhower- He was the 34th president of the United States and during WWII he served as Supreme Commander of the Allied forces in Europe. He became the first Supreme Commander of NATO in 1951.
18. NATO- It stands for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, which is a military alliance from the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on April 4, 1949. The headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium.
19. Warsaw Pact- This was an organization of communist states in Europe's central and Eastern parts. The treaty was signed on May 14, 1955 in Warsaw, Poland and it was in response of West Germany joining the NATO.
Monday, April 13, 2009
Term Definitions
1. Appeasement- This is the settling of international problems by negotiation and compromise. Neville Chamberlain, who is the British Prime Minister, is known for this because of his policy towards Nazi Germany.
2. League of Nations- This is an organization which was founded because of the Treaty of Versailles. The goals of this League was to keep the peace between countries through collective security, negotiation, and diplomacy.
3. Collective Security- This was a compromise between world government and a nation-state based balance of power. The latter is destructive and therefore not good enough for peace and it is then that the first one is unacomplishable at that time.
4. Neville Chamberlain- He was the British Prime Minister from 1937 to 1940. He is well-known for his appeasement policy. He signed the Munich Agreement in 1938, which gave Germany Sudetenland.
5. Remilitarization of the Rhineland- This took place in March 7, 1936 by the German Army. Hitler originally was going to re-militarize it in 1937, but decided to make it a year sooner. He did this because of the Olympics and the ratification of the Franco-Soviet pact by the French National Assembly in 1935. Not to mention the fact that Hitler was becoming very impatient.
6. Anschluss- This was when Austria was incorporated into Greater Germany by Nazi Germany. This happened on March 12, 1938. However, before this happened... Nazi Germany gave support to the Austrian National Socialist Party. Also, Kurt Schuschnigg tried to hold a vote in order to see if the Austrian people wanted to become apart of Germany or remain independent.
7. Lebensraum- This means "living space". This was motivation for Nazi Germany. In Hitler's book, Mein Kamp, he said how the Germans needed this. It was the killing of the Polish, and later to come, the Russians and other Slavic peoples in order to replace them with the Germans. They would do this through starvation.
8. Austrian Nazi Party- Austrian police after Austria gave into Hitler's demands. This was beneficial to Hitler because there was now a party in Austria who was also convincing Austrians to go along with him.
9. Austrian Plebiscite- The vote in Austria to show Hitler that Austrians wanted to stay independent and Austrians, not Germans. The vote was limited to people over the age of 24, so that younger people who might want change were excluded.
10. Kurt Schuschnigg- He became the chancellor of Austria after Dollfuss was assassinated. He was the person who gave into Hitler's demands, and was later imprisoned by the Nazis.
11. Abyssinia Crisis- began with the Walwal incident, which resulted from the conflict between Italy and Ethiopia. The effects of the Abyssinia Crisis include encouraging Italy to ally with Germany, and the League of Nations proved once again to be helpless.
12. Sudetenland- This was the western regions of Czechoslovakia. This is land that was given to Germany in the Munich Agreement.
13. Munich Agreement- This was an agreement in regards to Sudetenland. The agreement took place in Munich, Germany and had all the major powers of Germany except Czechoslovakia. It was signed by Italy, Britain, and France on September 30, 1938 and it gave the Sudetenland to Germany.
2. League of Nations- This is an organization which was founded because of the Treaty of Versailles. The goals of this League was to keep the peace between countries through collective security, negotiation, and diplomacy.
3. Collective Security- This was a compromise between world government and a nation-state based balance of power. The latter is destructive and therefore not good enough for peace and it is then that the first one is unacomplishable at that time.
4. Neville Chamberlain- He was the British Prime Minister from 1937 to 1940. He is well-known for his appeasement policy. He signed the Munich Agreement in 1938, which gave Germany Sudetenland.
5. Remilitarization of the Rhineland- This took place in March 7, 1936 by the German Army. Hitler originally was going to re-militarize it in 1937, but decided to make it a year sooner. He did this because of the Olympics and the ratification of the Franco-Soviet pact by the French National Assembly in 1935. Not to mention the fact that Hitler was becoming very impatient.
6. Anschluss- This was when Austria was incorporated into Greater Germany by Nazi Germany. This happened on March 12, 1938. However, before this happened... Nazi Germany gave support to the Austrian National Socialist Party. Also, Kurt Schuschnigg tried to hold a vote in order to see if the Austrian people wanted to become apart of Germany or remain independent.
7. Lebensraum- This means "living space". This was motivation for Nazi Germany. In Hitler's book, Mein Kamp, he said how the Germans needed this. It was the killing of the Polish, and later to come, the Russians and other Slavic peoples in order to replace them with the Germans. They would do this through starvation.
8. Austrian Nazi Party- Austrian police after Austria gave into Hitler's demands. This was beneficial to Hitler because there was now a party in Austria who was also convincing Austrians to go along with him.
9. Austrian Plebiscite- The vote in Austria to show Hitler that Austrians wanted to stay independent and Austrians, not Germans. The vote was limited to people over the age of 24, so that younger people who might want change were excluded.
10. Kurt Schuschnigg- He became the chancellor of Austria after Dollfuss was assassinated. He was the person who gave into Hitler's demands, and was later imprisoned by the Nazis.
11. Abyssinia Crisis- began with the Walwal incident, which resulted from the conflict between Italy and Ethiopia. The effects of the Abyssinia Crisis include encouraging Italy to ally with Germany, and the League of Nations proved once again to be helpless.
12. Sudetenland- This was the western regions of Czechoslovakia. This is land that was given to Germany in the Munich Agreement.
13. Munich Agreement- This was an agreement in regards to Sudetenland. The agreement took place in Munich, Germany and had all the major powers of Germany except Czechoslovakia. It was signed by Italy, Britain, and France on September 30, 1938 and it gave the Sudetenland to Germany.
Saturday, March 28, 2009
Fascism Vs. Nazism
Five similarities include:
1. They both led up to fascism. Even though Germany went about doing it differently than Italy... they both had fascism in the end.
2. Germany and Italy both got the bad end of the Versailles Treaty and therefore they were both ready for a change and this helped contribute to fascist ideas.
3. The Natzis were very powerful and everyone feared them just like everyone feared Mussolini.
4. Even though Mussolini got his ideas across through his newspaper, and Hitler got his ideas of fascism across through his speeches... they both got their ideas out.
5. Last but not least, they are both similar because Mussolini and Hitler both had to overcome something in order to be in charge. For Mussolini, he had to come up with his own newspaper and for Hitler he had to overcome the Weimar Republic.
Questions:
1. The ideology that I believe would more appeal to adolescents would be Fascism. Adolescents like to have freedom and not be controlled in everything they do. A little boundaries is good, but Nazism in my opinion, is to controlling. An example of this would be Hitler and the Nazis banning the labor unions... this is taking it too far. Now the people can not even voice their opinions.
2. Looking at the Fascist ideal, I think the hardest part of getting the populations acceptance would be getting the ideas out in the open. Mussolini had to make his own newspaper in order to share his ideas with others. Once, he got his ideas shared, the people agreed with him for two reasons in my opinion. First, he was very powerful and no one wanted to stand up to him.. not even the king. Also, Italy as a whole believed they did not get their fair share in the Versailles Treaty and they were now ready to change things around.
3. Looking at the Nazi ideal, I think the hardest part of getting the populations acceptance would be accepting the fact that one can not do anything about it since they banned the labor unions and trade unions. Their civil rights were being diminished, but if one accepted that then they could gain the positives of it, which include the building of roadways and other ways of transportation such as highways. Also, positive corporations were being established.
1. They both led up to fascism. Even though Germany went about doing it differently than Italy... they both had fascism in the end.
2. Germany and Italy both got the bad end of the Versailles Treaty and therefore they were both ready for a change and this helped contribute to fascist ideas.
3. The Natzis were very powerful and everyone feared them just like everyone feared Mussolini.
4. Even though Mussolini got his ideas across through his newspaper, and Hitler got his ideas of fascism across through his speeches... they both got their ideas out.
5. Last but not least, they are both similar because Mussolini and Hitler both had to overcome something in order to be in charge. For Mussolini, he had to come up with his own newspaper and for Hitler he had to overcome the Weimar Republic.
Questions:
1. The ideology that I believe would more appeal to adolescents would be Fascism. Adolescents like to have freedom and not be controlled in everything they do. A little boundaries is good, but Nazism in my opinion, is to controlling. An example of this would be Hitler and the Nazis banning the labor unions... this is taking it too far. Now the people can not even voice their opinions.
2. Looking at the Fascist ideal, I think the hardest part of getting the populations acceptance would be getting the ideas out in the open. Mussolini had to make his own newspaper in order to share his ideas with others. Once, he got his ideas shared, the people agreed with him for two reasons in my opinion. First, he was very powerful and no one wanted to stand up to him.. not even the king. Also, Italy as a whole believed they did not get their fair share in the Versailles Treaty and they were now ready to change things around.
3. Looking at the Nazi ideal, I think the hardest part of getting the populations acceptance would be accepting the fact that one can not do anything about it since they banned the labor unions and trade unions. Their civil rights were being diminished, but if one accepted that then they could gain the positives of it, which include the building of roadways and other ways of transportation such as highways. Also, positive corporations were being established.
Fascism in Germany & Italy
Germany-
- they were ready for change since they were in a depression
- they had financial & political problems
- the Weimar Republic is weak- it was set up in a way that it would be easy to overthrow
- it set up the Parliamentary Government
- chancellor was under the president
- Hitler becomes chancellor and after president dies he becomes the president
- the Nazis exploited the Weimar Republic
- Natzis (once in power) made it illegal to make another political power
- Education, media, and propaganda was starting to get controlled by the Natzis
- they break the Versailles of Treaty agreements
- banned labor and trade unions
- Hitler wanted to reunite German people under one ruler which is called Anschluss
- Lebensraum-German for "living space" and it was the philosophy that justified accusation of claiming of land.
- the philosophy did not work because it did not account for human greed
- the negatives include women's rights not getting better, and civil rights getting more diminished
- positives include the building of more roadways, highways etc.
- also corporations were starting to begin
Italy-
- Mussolini was smart, and he started as a newspaper editor
- he wanted to do things his own way so he got fired
- he started his own newspaper
- used this newspaper to get his fascism ideas out
- he believed they did not get their fair share of the Versailles Treaty since they were one of the "winners"
- Italy thought they deserved much more
- The Mussolini Black Shirts were the secret police for Mussolini
- Since Mussolini had a powerful allie named Vadtkin, the king did not want to stand up to Mussolini and therefore he became in control of the government
5 Major Differences-
1. Germany was ready for change since they were in a depression, while Italy wanted a strong leader since they got the "raw end" of the Versailles Treaty and needed leadership.
2. Mussolini put his thoughts in the newspaper while Hitler made influencing speeches.
3. Mussolini had the Black Shirts which were his secret police while Hitler did not have a secret police.
4. Hitler overthrew the Weimar Republic while Mussolini did not have to overthrow anything.
5. The Natzis banned labor and trade unions while Mussolini did not ban anything.
Sunday, March 8, 2009
Lenin's Death & Aftermath
Task One:
1. Lenin was such an important part of the Communist Rise in Russia because he was the leader of the Bolsheviks. The February Revolution opened the door for the Bolsheviks and after the October Revolution they were officially in power. Lenin led the way to the Communist Rise and he studied the Revolutionary change in Russia, which led to the importance of the elite group leading the uneducated.
2. After Lenin's death on January 21, 1924, the Revolution would face the Russian Civil War. This was the attempt to remove the Bolsheviks from power. There were two groups, The Red Army and the White Army. The Reds, also known as the Bolsheviks, won the Russian Civil War.
3. Lenin's death and the continuance of the Russian Revolution relates to the death of Robespierre and the outcome of the French Revolution because they both progressed into something more. After Lenin's death the Russian's had their Civil War, while the French Revolution had the White Terror after the death of Robespierre.
4. If Lenin was not there to lead the revolution, I do not believe it would have been such a success. If Trotsky or Stalin lead it then I think it would not have been a success at all. I believe things would have gone the total opposite way with them leading it.
Task Two:
1. Lenin is most afraid of the downfall of the two parties if they do not come to an agreement because of its instability when relying on two classes.
2. Lenin thought Trotsky was one of the most capable men in the C.C. Lenin says this about Trotsky: "He has displayed excessive self-assurance and shown excessive preoccupation with the purely administrative side of the work." I believe Trotsky would have been a very organized leader and with much pride if he was the leader of the Bolshevik Party.
3. Lenin knows that Stalin has unlimited authority in his hands because he became the Secretary-General. However, Lenin does not think he will use his authority wisely, but instead abuse the authority he has. I believe that Stalin would have been the opposite of Trotsky and would have been a bad leader that made bad decisions and abused the authority he had if he was the leader of the Bolshevik Party.
4. I believe Lenin was leaning toward Trotsky to take the reigns of the Bolshevik Party and Communist Russia because he talks very highly of him. I would have picked Trotsky because I believe Stalin would be too bossy and I believe he would not be as organized as Trotsky. Lenin states, "Stalin is too rude and this defect, although quite tolerable in our midst and in dealing among us Communists, becomes intolerable in a Secretary-General."
1. Lenin was such an important part of the Communist Rise in Russia because he was the leader of the Bolsheviks. The February Revolution opened the door for the Bolsheviks and after the October Revolution they were officially in power. Lenin led the way to the Communist Rise and he studied the Revolutionary change in Russia, which led to the importance of the elite group leading the uneducated.
2. After Lenin's death on January 21, 1924, the Revolution would face the Russian Civil War. This was the attempt to remove the Bolsheviks from power. There were two groups, The Red Army and the White Army. The Reds, also known as the Bolsheviks, won the Russian Civil War.
3. Lenin's death and the continuance of the Russian Revolution relates to the death of Robespierre and the outcome of the French Revolution because they both progressed into something more. After Lenin's death the Russian's had their Civil War, while the French Revolution had the White Terror after the death of Robespierre.
4. If Lenin was not there to lead the revolution, I do not believe it would have been such a success. If Trotsky or Stalin lead it then I think it would not have been a success at all. I believe things would have gone the total opposite way with them leading it.
Task Two:
1. Lenin is most afraid of the downfall of the two parties if they do not come to an agreement because of its instability when relying on two classes.
2. Lenin thought Trotsky was one of the most capable men in the C.C. Lenin says this about Trotsky: "He has displayed excessive self-assurance and shown excessive preoccupation with the purely administrative side of the work." I believe Trotsky would have been a very organized leader and with much pride if he was the leader of the Bolshevik Party.
3. Lenin knows that Stalin has unlimited authority in his hands because he became the Secretary-General. However, Lenin does not think he will use his authority wisely, but instead abuse the authority he has. I believe that Stalin would have been the opposite of Trotsky and would have been a bad leader that made bad decisions and abused the authority he had if he was the leader of the Bolshevik Party.
4. I believe Lenin was leaning toward Trotsky to take the reigns of the Bolshevik Party and Communist Russia because he talks very highly of him. I would have picked Trotsky because I believe Stalin would be too bossy and I believe he would not be as organized as Trotsky. Lenin states, "Stalin is too rude and this defect, although quite tolerable in our midst and in dealing among us Communists, becomes intolerable in a Secretary-General."
Sunday, February 15, 2009
WWI Propaganda
This asks the reader "On which side of the window are YOU?" because it wants you to feel guilty if one does not sign up for the war. Also, it makes men feel ashamed if they are not part of the war because this is challenging them to do it. It shows a man on one side of the window and then it shows the military on the other side. This was intended to make people enlist in the military and it was directed to men of the United States.Friday, February 13, 2009
Wilson's Fourteen Points
1. Cartoon Interpretation
I believe the Editorial Cartoon is trying to say that other nations such as: England, Japan, European Nations, and other foreign nations, want the U.S.A. to enter the war and fight it on their side. In the cartoon the countries are pulling on the U.S.A. trying to get them to side with their country. The League of Nations is on the ropes because this is what eventually settled the conflict between the countries, along with The Versailles Treaty.
2. Wilson's 14 Points
1. This point would help America and the world accomplish the peace Wilson envisioned in the following decade because it is saying that diplomacy and international problems will always be told to the public view. This way confusion is not spread around the country and world.
2. This would help also because it says freedom to travel over seas, whether in war or not. The exception is if international forces close it. This would help keep people happy because they can travel outside of territorial waters.
3. This is the removal of economic barriers so trade can happen more efficiently between countries and for nations to consent to peace and maintain it. This helps bring countries and nations closer together.
4. This states that national military or naval forces be reduced to the lowest amount possible, while still having domestic safety, which is to keep a country safe. This way countries are not afraid of other countries due to a large military.
5. Point 5 states that colonial claims have an equal weight on decisions as do the government that controls them under the topic of sovereignty. By doing this, it helps keep countries from controlling other countries and or nations.
6. During the evacuation of Russian territory, other countries need to provide her with an unembarrassed opportunity for independent determination of Russia's own political development. Also, to welcome her, and assist her into the society of free nations. Lastly, for her sister countries to have unselfish sympathy. This helps bring countries together because it makes them be there for one another in time of need and help.
7. Belgium will be evacuated and then put back together. This will help restore confidence between the nations in the laws that they have set determining the government of their relationships with each other. International law is impaired if this is not fixed.
8. French territory should be restored and the bad things that Prussia did to France regarding Alsace-Lorraine, should be fixed. This will restore peace between them and the world, which was not fixed for over fifty years.
9. Changes for the frontiers of Italy should be made, but still having nationality. This will make things fair and will help make other countries happy with them.
10. The people of Austria-Hungary should get self-contained development. That way they can develop without having interference from other countries and refrain from having war break outs among them.
11. Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be restored in some places and Serbia gets free access the the sea. Also, the Balkan States relationships should be based on allegiance and nationality. This will help the conflicts of these countries come to an end.
12. The Turkish portions of the Ottoman Empire should have a good sovereignty and other nations under their rule should get to develop on their own. Lastly, the Darrdanelles should have free shipping passage ways to all countries. This make peace between them because they each get something that they have wanted.
13. An independent Polish state should have free access to the sea and their political and economic independence should be guaranteed internationally. This helps make the Polish people happy and therefore, this settles more world disputes.
14. An association should be made between nations so that the purpose of agreeing guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity be made to everyone. This will make many nations happy and insure peace throughout nations and the world.
I believe the Editorial Cartoon is trying to say that other nations such as: England, Japan, European Nations, and other foreign nations, want the U.S.A. to enter the war and fight it on their side. In the cartoon the countries are pulling on the U.S.A. trying to get them to side with their country. The League of Nations is on the ropes because this is what eventually settled the conflict between the countries, along with The Versailles Treaty.
2. Wilson's 14 Points
1. This point would help America and the world accomplish the peace Wilson envisioned in the following decade because it is saying that diplomacy and international problems will always be told to the public view. This way confusion is not spread around the country and world.
2. This would help also because it says freedom to travel over seas, whether in war or not. The exception is if international forces close it. This would help keep people happy because they can travel outside of territorial waters.
3. This is the removal of economic barriers so trade can happen more efficiently between countries and for nations to consent to peace and maintain it. This helps bring countries and nations closer together.
4. This states that national military or naval forces be reduced to the lowest amount possible, while still having domestic safety, which is to keep a country safe. This way countries are not afraid of other countries due to a large military.
5. Point 5 states that colonial claims have an equal weight on decisions as do the government that controls them under the topic of sovereignty. By doing this, it helps keep countries from controlling other countries and or nations.
6. During the evacuation of Russian territory, other countries need to provide her with an unembarrassed opportunity for independent determination of Russia's own political development. Also, to welcome her, and assist her into the society of free nations. Lastly, for her sister countries to have unselfish sympathy. This helps bring countries together because it makes them be there for one another in time of need and help.
7. Belgium will be evacuated and then put back together. This will help restore confidence between the nations in the laws that they have set determining the government of their relationships with each other. International law is impaired if this is not fixed.
8. French territory should be restored and the bad things that Prussia did to France regarding Alsace-Lorraine, should be fixed. This will restore peace between them and the world, which was not fixed for over fifty years.
9. Changes for the frontiers of Italy should be made, but still having nationality. This will make things fair and will help make other countries happy with them.
10. The people of Austria-Hungary should get self-contained development. That way they can develop without having interference from other countries and refrain from having war break outs among them.
11. Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be restored in some places and Serbia gets free access the the sea. Also, the Balkan States relationships should be based on allegiance and nationality. This will help the conflicts of these countries come to an end.
12. The Turkish portions of the Ottoman Empire should have a good sovereignty and other nations under their rule should get to develop on their own. Lastly, the Darrdanelles should have free shipping passage ways to all countries. This make peace between them because they each get something that they have wanted.
13. An independent Polish state should have free access to the sea and their political and economic independence should be guaranteed internationally. This helps make the Polish people happy and therefore, this settles more world disputes.
14. An association should be made between nations so that the purpose of agreeing guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity be made to everyone. This will make many nations happy and insure peace throughout nations and the world.
Saturday, February 7, 2009
WWI Terms Activity
1. Weapons-
Mustard gas. Barbed wire. Dog Fight. Dud. Machine gun. Powder keg. Bomb. Blimp. Torpedo. Tank. Submarine. Invasion. Trench Warfare. Airplane. Blockade. Artillery. Battle. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare. Preparedness. U-boats.
2. People-
Wilson. Parachute. Trench Mouth. Propaganda. Civvies. Draftee. Lousy. Dog tag. Enemy. Krauts. M.P. Cooties. Neutrality. Sacrifice. Rape of Belgium. Infantry. Bunker. Pacifists. Democracy. Huns. Peace. C.O. Basket Case. Red Tape. Chow. Slacker. The Red Baron. Self Determination. Kaiser. Furlough. Balance of Power. Armistice. Doughboys. Espionage and Sedition Acts. Stalemate. Corpse. Lusitania. War Revenue Act. War bonds. AEF. Air ace. Cavalry. Liberty. Gen. Blackjack Pershing. Limies. War Industries Board. Goldbrick. Amputee. Assassination. Alliances. French kiss. Liberty bonds. Swabby. Khaki. Czar. Shell shock. Bravery.
3. Places-
No Man's Land. Over the top. Homefront. Territorial Integrity.
4. Entertainment-
French postcards. "Over There". "I didn't raise my boy to be a soldier". Syphilis. "Out, Out, Marie". "Goodbye Broadway". "Hello France".
5. Food-
War bread. Porkless Saturday. Meatless Tuesdays. Liberty cabbage. Liberty steaks. Wheatless Mondays.
6. Movements-
Nationalism. Patriotism. Mobilization. Militarism. Totalitarian.
Mustard gas. Barbed wire. Dog Fight. Dud. Machine gun. Powder keg. Bomb. Blimp. Torpedo. Tank. Submarine. Invasion. Trench Warfare. Airplane. Blockade. Artillery. Battle. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare. Preparedness. U-boats.
2. People-
Wilson. Parachute. Trench Mouth. Propaganda. Civvies. Draftee. Lousy. Dog tag. Enemy. Krauts. M.P. Cooties. Neutrality. Sacrifice. Rape of Belgium. Infantry. Bunker. Pacifists. Democracy. Huns. Peace. C.O. Basket Case. Red Tape. Chow. Slacker. The Red Baron. Self Determination. Kaiser. Furlough. Balance of Power. Armistice. Doughboys. Espionage and Sedition Acts. Stalemate. Corpse. Lusitania. War Revenue Act. War bonds. AEF. Air ace. Cavalry. Liberty. Gen. Blackjack Pershing. Limies. War Industries Board. Goldbrick. Amputee. Assassination. Alliances. French kiss. Liberty bonds. Swabby. Khaki. Czar. Shell shock. Bravery.
3. Places-
No Man's Land. Over the top. Homefront. Territorial Integrity.
4. Entertainment-
French postcards. "Over There". "I didn't raise my boy to be a soldier". Syphilis. "Out, Out, Marie". "Goodbye Broadway". "Hello France".
5. Food-
War bread. Porkless Saturday. Meatless Tuesdays. Liberty cabbage. Liberty steaks. Wheatless Mondays.
6. Movements-
Nationalism. Patriotism. Mobilization. Militarism. Totalitarian.
Thursday, January 29, 2009
Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
1. The account says that the three teenagers were brought into a room where Apis was and "He made the three put their hands on the skull and repeat the Black Hand oath:“By the sun which warms me, by the earth which feeds me, by God, by the blood of my ancestors, by my honor and my life, I swear fidelity (loyalty) to the cause of Serbian nationalism and to sacrifice my life for it.”" In the video this meeting did not occur and therefore we did not know of this happening.
2. News of the plot in the account spread to the Austrian Government, but reached the wrong person. It reached "Dr. von Bilinski, who didn't like the archduke". He mentioned it to General Potiorek, but he was reminded that people should not get involved with military matters. In the video, the news of the plot was kept a secret up unto the day it occurred.
3. Also, in the video, there is not much of a crowd around the potential assassins. In the account, it states, "One of them was standing too near a policeman to risk shooting. Another was pinned by the crowd." Therefore the video gives a false impression of the number of by-standers that were watching the parade.
4. The accounts says that, "Count Harnack, an aide, jumped on the footboard of the archduke’s car to guard him. “Don’t make a fool of yourself,” shouted Francis Ferdinand." However, in the video the Archduke is grateful for his protection, even though it did not really save him from the assassination.
5. Shortly after, the account states that Princip saw the Archduke and "immediately pulled out his revolver, walked over to the car, and shot the archduke in the neck." In the video, he did not walk over to the car, but instead took a shot from a distance.
This is an image of the Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand. The Archduke and his wife, Sophie Chotek, have been shot. It shows the assassin, Princip, at the car, with his revolver pointing at the victims. This was the main event that sparked World War I.
2. News of the plot in the account spread to the Austrian Government, but reached the wrong person. It reached "Dr. von Bilinski, who didn't like the archduke". He mentioned it to General Potiorek, but he was reminded that people should not get involved with military matters. In the video, the news of the plot was kept a secret up unto the day it occurred.
3. Also, in the video, there is not much of a crowd around the potential assassins. In the account, it states, "One of them was standing too near a policeman to risk shooting. Another was pinned by the crowd." Therefore the video gives a false impression of the number of by-standers that were watching the parade.
4. The accounts says that, "Count Harnack, an aide, jumped on the footboard of the archduke’s car to guard him. “Don’t make a fool of yourself,” shouted Francis Ferdinand." However, in the video the Archduke is grateful for his protection, even though it did not really save him from the assassination.
5. Shortly after, the account states that Princip saw the Archduke and "immediately pulled out his revolver, walked over to the car, and shot the archduke in the neck." In the video, he did not walk over to the car, but instead took a shot from a distance.
This is an image of the Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand. The Archduke and his wife, Sophie Chotek, have been shot. It shows the assassin, Princip, at the car, with his revolver pointing at the victims. This was the main event that sparked World War I.
Saturday, January 10, 2009
Movie Night Extra Credit
1. British General - “God has endowed the British race with a worldwide empire that they may execute His sovereign purpose in the world. The victories you will have over the heathens are the victories of the nobler soul in man.”
- This quote says that the British viewed their role as colonizers as helping the less-educated. However, I believe their perception was not valid because the Africans were happy without the help of the British. They fight back, which shows that they do not want their help. However, the British feel it is their job to help them, even if they do not want the help.
2. Harry - “I sometimes wonder what a godforsaken desert in the middle of nowhere has to do with Her Majesty the queen.”
- Harry is questioning the idea of colonization because he starts to think about the native people living in Africa and feels bad for them. He is looking at it differently than everyone else because he believes it is not right to take over their land, and he does not see how this "has to do with Her Majesty the queen." This belief forces Harry to leave the army and go and be apart of the native's tribe.
3. British Soldier - "Avoid drinking local water and spirits "avoid local barrooms and brothels and, above all, remember, you're a Christian soldier."
- This says that the lands that the British were colonizing were unhealthy and therefore they should not drink the water. Also, they should avoid the bathrooms because they are unsanitary. The British soldiers looked forward to making the queen happy, even though, by doing that they will have to face tough, harsh conditions in Africa. Their religious beliefs are brought into question because they believe it is their job to help the less-educated and if they do not, then they are not following their religion.
4. Desert Trader - “They're like children. They have no concept of gratitude or loyalty. That's something you British don't understand. You come here, trying to civilize them with your Christian values.”
- This quote suggests that the people in the colonized areas do not have manners. They have not learned to be grateful or have loyalty. Some drawbacks dealing with these people are that they do not obey and do not show gratitude. The British felt they could and had the right to change the people, who were already set in their ways, because they truly believed that they were helping them become civilized in western ways. They did not take the time to realize that they are people with feelings, just like themselves, who have different believes.
5. Abu Fatma - “You English walk too proudly on the earth.”
- Abu means by this statement that the British have a really high opinion of themselves and are conceded. The British believe that only their religion is right and that the native's religions are wrong. I do not think he looks at Harry as a typical Englishman because Harry is trying to help the Africans and does not believe in what the British are doing. I definitely do not think that Abu agrees with what the British are doing in Africa. He believes that the British are hurting the Africans more than they are helping them.
Critical Thinking:
Jack shoots the young boy during their first encounter in Africa because the boy did not put down the gun. The boy did not follow Jack's orders because he was willing to die for what he believed in. He knew he would die if he continued loading the gun, but he would rather die than have to give up what he believed was right.The boy did not believe that the British were helping him. He did not want to give up his religion and ways of life in exchange for what the British had. Jack was justified with shooting the boy because the boy was going to shoot at them if he did not shoot him. However, I would not have done the same thing because everyone has a right to believe in what they want to believe in. Jack felt remorse after shooting the boy because the boy was just standing up for what he believed in and Jack felt bad for taking that away from him. I would have felt remorse too if I shot at the boy and killed him. When the people started throwing stones at the soldiers, I do not think it was because Jack killed the boy. I believe it was because the soldiers were taking away their freedom and rights as human beings.
- This quote says that the British viewed their role as colonizers as helping the less-educated. However, I believe their perception was not valid because the Africans were happy without the help of the British. They fight back, which shows that they do not want their help. However, the British feel it is their job to help them, even if they do not want the help.
2. Harry - “I sometimes wonder what a godforsaken desert in the middle of nowhere has to do with Her Majesty the queen.”
- Harry is questioning the idea of colonization because he starts to think about the native people living in Africa and feels bad for them. He is looking at it differently than everyone else because he believes it is not right to take over their land, and he does not see how this "has to do with Her Majesty the queen." This belief forces Harry to leave the army and go and be apart of the native's tribe.
3. British Soldier - "Avoid drinking local water and spirits "avoid local barrooms and brothels and, above all, remember, you're a Christian soldier."
- This says that the lands that the British were colonizing were unhealthy and therefore they should not drink the water. Also, they should avoid the bathrooms because they are unsanitary. The British soldiers looked forward to making the queen happy, even though, by doing that they will have to face tough, harsh conditions in Africa. Their religious beliefs are brought into question because they believe it is their job to help the less-educated and if they do not, then they are not following their religion.
4. Desert Trader - “They're like children. They have no concept of gratitude or loyalty. That's something you British don't understand. You come here, trying to civilize them with your Christian values.”
- This quote suggests that the people in the colonized areas do not have manners. They have not learned to be grateful or have loyalty. Some drawbacks dealing with these people are that they do not obey and do not show gratitude. The British felt they could and had the right to change the people, who were already set in their ways, because they truly believed that they were helping them become civilized in western ways. They did not take the time to realize that they are people with feelings, just like themselves, who have different believes.
5. Abu Fatma - “You English walk too proudly on the earth.”
- Abu means by this statement that the British have a really high opinion of themselves and are conceded. The British believe that only their religion is right and that the native's religions are wrong. I do not think he looks at Harry as a typical Englishman because Harry is trying to help the Africans and does not believe in what the British are doing. I definitely do not think that Abu agrees with what the British are doing in Africa. He believes that the British are hurting the Africans more than they are helping them.
Critical Thinking:
Jack shoots the young boy during their first encounter in Africa because the boy did not put down the gun. The boy did not follow Jack's orders because he was willing to die for what he believed in. He knew he would die if he continued loading the gun, but he would rather die than have to give up what he believed was right.The boy did not believe that the British were helping him. He did not want to give up his religion and ways of life in exchange for what the British had. Jack was justified with shooting the boy because the boy was going to shoot at them if he did not shoot him. However, I would not have done the same thing because everyone has a right to believe in what they want to believe in. Jack felt remorse after shooting the boy because the boy was just standing up for what he believed in and Jack felt bad for taking that away from him. I would have felt remorse too if I shot at the boy and killed him. When the people started throwing stones at the soldiers, I do not think it was because Jack killed the boy. I believe it was because the soldiers were taking away their freedom and rights as human beings.
Saturday, January 3, 2009
Motives for British Imperialism
1. According to Halstead, Slavery was in decline during the 1800's because "Britain sought to abolish slavery not from considerations of morality, but because slavery did not pay, slavery was not commercially beneficial after the decline of mercantilism and the rise of laissez-faire, free trade capitalism." This means that slavery was not helping Britain make money and therefore they wanted to get rid of it. This effected British Imperialism because now they could focus on expanding their land and resources rather than worrying about the capturing and taking care of slaves.
2. According to Halstead, Britain's power did not have an influence on Britain's Imperialism. Their power did not have an influence because they already had enough power. Instead, Britain was influenced by philanthropy. Also, they "sought to establish models of its own government". I agree with this because Britain did have a lot of power at the time however they wanted to expand their land and get more valuable resources.
3. Halstead's belief differs from that of Richard Coben and other's economic reasons. Seeley thought of imperialism as " the apotheosis of all British history, the culmination of Britain's destiny," while Halstead thought of imperialism as "an appendage of British foreign policy". Gallagher and Robinson thought that the imperialism of Africa "was motivated by concerns over security and nothing else while MacKenzie pointed out that Britain had created an elaborate image making apparatus, a widespread propaganda, that extolled militarism, monarchism, and Social Darwinism." There is a wide spread of different views on imperialism.
4. Halsteads's final reasonings on motives for British Imperialism are "national security, protecting free trade, protecting commercial routes, competition for markets and spheres of influence, settlement, colonization, diplomacy, and ideology." Imperialism is not simple, but rather "a complex historical phenomenon which we can examine only piecemeal, but eventually from which a fuller picture emerges." Which means, that Imperialism is very complicated and can not be stated simply.
2. According to Halstead, Britain's power did not have an influence on Britain's Imperialism. Their power did not have an influence because they already had enough power. Instead, Britain was influenced by philanthropy. Also, they "sought to establish models of its own government". I agree with this because Britain did have a lot of power at the time however they wanted to expand their land and get more valuable resources.
3. Halstead's belief differs from that of Richard Coben and other's economic reasons. Seeley thought of imperialism as " the apotheosis of all British history, the culmination of Britain's destiny," while Halstead thought of imperialism as "an appendage of British foreign policy". Gallagher and Robinson thought that the imperialism of Africa "was motivated by concerns over security and nothing else while MacKenzie pointed out that Britain had created an elaborate image making apparatus, a widespread propaganda, that extolled militarism, monarchism, and Social Darwinism." There is a wide spread of different views on imperialism.
4. Halsteads's final reasonings on motives for British Imperialism are "national security, protecting free trade, protecting commercial routes, competition for markets and spheres of influence, settlement, colonization, diplomacy, and ideology." Imperialism is not simple, but rather "a complex historical phenomenon which we can examine only piecemeal, but eventually from which a fuller picture emerges." Which means, that Imperialism is very complicated and can not be stated simply.
Friday, January 2, 2009
The White Man's Burden
1. It is called "The White Man's Burden" because it is a burden on the white people to have to deal with the less educated. Rudyard Kipling means that non-European countries are childlike and are a bothersome to take care of when he says "Your new-caught sullen peoples, Half devil and half child."
2. Kipling justifies imperialism as "Take up the White Man's burden-- Send forth the best ye breed-- Go, bind your sons to exile To serve your captive's need; To wait, in heavy harness,
On fluttered folk and wild--" This means that the white people have an obligation to help the less educated people become educated whether they want to or not. He believes it is their moral responsibility to encourage cultural development until they adopt Western ways.
3. This justification might seem so appealing because it makes the white people seem like they are helping the less educated become educated. It seems like everyone would want to become educated... but not everyone feels that way. Therefore, even though the white people think they are helping; the less educated might not feel the same way.
4. Religion was used as a justification over money, capitalism, the greater good, and political strength because their religion was about aiding those less fortunate. By concentrating on religion, it got the people to concentrate more on the people and saving them from the childish behavior they were so used to.
2. Kipling justifies imperialism as "Take up the White Man's burden-- Send forth the best ye breed-- Go, bind your sons to exile To serve your captive's need; To wait, in heavy harness,
On fluttered folk and wild--" This means that the white people have an obligation to help the less educated people become educated whether they want to or not. He believes it is their moral responsibility to encourage cultural development until they adopt Western ways.
3. This justification might seem so appealing because it makes the white people seem like they are helping the less educated become educated. It seems like everyone would want to become educated... but not everyone feels that way. Therefore, even though the white people think they are helping; the less educated might not feel the same way.
4. Religion was used as a justification over money, capitalism, the greater good, and political strength because their religion was about aiding those less fortunate. By concentrating on religion, it got the people to concentrate more on the people and saving them from the childish behavior they were so used to.
Sunday, November 30, 2008
Unit 2 Short Answer Questions
1. The Enclosure Movement gave rise to the growth of cities. The definition of enclosure is the process of rich landowners taking over land of peasant farmers. Landowners wanted to make bigger fields that could be cultivated more easily for their wool. Therefore farm output rose when enclosure did. Small landowners could not compete with the large landowners and therefore they were forced off their land. So as they left, they looked for jobs and work. They went to cities, where they would become the work force.
2. Mass Society switched power to the middle and lower classes in the 19th century. Most of the wealthy upper class moved out of the cities because it was dirty and unsanitary. By moving out, it left all the middle and lower class to be in charge of the government and be in charge. Not to mention that before the wealthy left, middle and lower class were protesting about unfair wages and working conditions. Business owners tried to ignore all these complaints, but after time the middle and lower classes got their way. The middle and lower classes got their way because they were the ones that would effect the upper class's income depending on their work because the nobles would need the money brought by the industrial rich to support their expensive life styles and the lands they owned.
3. Immigration and the decline of the slave trade gave rise to the Labor Unions. Employers did not want to use the slaves and the slaves were only used if they had to be. Therefore, the employers hired the middle class and lower class workmen, who became the labor force. They protested low wages, long hours, and unsafe conditions. They had strikes to demand better working conditions, or other benefits that they wanted to receive. Pressured by all of this, the employers had to give more rights and benefits to the middle and lower class. Because of this, the workers formed labor unions, which are organizations of workers who have banned together to make common goals in working conditions, wages, and hours.
2. Mass Society switched power to the middle and lower classes in the 19th century. Most of the wealthy upper class moved out of the cities because it was dirty and unsanitary. By moving out, it left all the middle and lower class to be in charge of the government and be in charge. Not to mention that before the wealthy left, middle and lower class were protesting about unfair wages and working conditions. Business owners tried to ignore all these complaints, but after time the middle and lower classes got their way. The middle and lower classes got their way because they were the ones that would effect the upper class's income depending on their work because the nobles would need the money brought by the industrial rich to support their expensive life styles and the lands they owned.
3. Immigration and the decline of the slave trade gave rise to the Labor Unions. Employers did not want to use the slaves and the slaves were only used if they had to be. Therefore, the employers hired the middle class and lower class workmen, who became the labor force. They protested low wages, long hours, and unsafe conditions. They had strikes to demand better working conditions, or other benefits that they wanted to receive. Pressured by all of this, the employers had to give more rights and benefits to the middle and lower class. Because of this, the workers formed labor unions, which are organizations of workers who have banned together to make common goals in working conditions, wages, and hours.
Saturday, November 15, 2008
Obama's Cabinet Positions
1. Secretary of State
I think Obama should pick Hillary Clinton for Secretary of State. She has done extensive travel to foreign countries and is respected by others. She also has had meetings with different country officials, which makes her perfect for this position.
2. Treasury
I believe that Obama should pick Warren Buffett for this position. He has much experience managing money and he is one of the richest, if not the richest man on earth. He is a great investor, businessman, and philanthropist, which makes him just right for the position.
3. Defense
The person I think Obama should pick for Defense is John McCain. When he was younger, he was in the Vietnam War, and he has much experience in this field. Also, he knows many tactics that would help the United States when it comes to war because of all his years and family background in the military.
4. Energy
Sarah Palin would be a good choice for this position because she has many good ideas when it comes to this topic. She wants to get rid of our dependence upon foreign oil and see our country become independent and self-reliant. Also, she believes in finding renewable energy power, such as solar, wind, hydroelectric, and natural gas.
5. Education
I believe Joel Klein should be chosen for Secretary of Education. He is currently New York City's chancellor and has much experience in the education department. Also, he is on agreement with Obama because he is a big, important role when it comes to charter schools.
I think Obama should pick Hillary Clinton for Secretary of State. She has done extensive travel to foreign countries and is respected by others. She also has had meetings with different country officials, which makes her perfect for this position.
2. Treasury
I believe that Obama should pick Warren Buffett for this position. He has much experience managing money and he is one of the richest, if not the richest man on earth. He is a great investor, businessman, and philanthropist, which makes him just right for the position.
3. Defense
The person I think Obama should pick for Defense is John McCain. When he was younger, he was in the Vietnam War, and he has much experience in this field. Also, he knows many tactics that would help the United States when it comes to war because of all his years and family background in the military.
4. Energy
Sarah Palin would be a good choice for this position because she has many good ideas when it comes to this topic. She wants to get rid of our dependence upon foreign oil and see our country become independent and self-reliant. Also, she believes in finding renewable energy power, such as solar, wind, hydroelectric, and natural gas.
5. Education
I believe Joel Klein should be chosen for Secretary of Education. He is currently New York City's chancellor and has much experience in the education department. Also, he is on agreement with Obama because he is a big, important role when it comes to charter schools.
Sunday, November 9, 2008
Working Conditions During the Industrial Revolution
1. The evidence given before the Sadler Committee helped to establish the Factory Acts or 1833. In the "Benefit of Factory Legislation", it stated that people and kids were working in the dark for at least 13 hour shifts. Also, that the atmosphere in which they were working in, was very bad due to the coal dust. Not to mention that kids were becoming deformed from standing or from sitting too long. In "Physical Deterioration of the Textile Workers", it states that children are developing abnormally because they are not getting enough exercise. Their spine grows irregularly, along with their leg bones growing bent. In addition to this, their growth was stunted because only one set of muscles were used and the others were not being used at all. In "Ashley's Mines Commission Testimony", four people have their testimonies about work in the mines. Part one is about a strapper named Sarah Gooder, who works in the dark for twelve hours and she is only eight years old. Next, is Isabella Reed, who is a coal bearer, and is only twelve years old. Then in part 3 there is Patience. She can't read and write, but she works many long hours. Lastly, there is Ben Miller, who is an undertaker, and along with all the rest of them, works long, hard hours. In the "Sadler Committee Evidence", one person, who started working at eight years old, had to wake up everyday at five in the morning. They were beaten if late to work, did not get breaks, and were working twelve to sixteen hour shifts. Also, the people were expected to work at the fast pace of machines. All these things brought about the Factory Acts of 1833, which were child labor reforms.
2. In my opinion, i think the most influential siting on the working conditions during the Industrial Revolution is the "Ashley's Mines Commission Testimony". I think this is the most influential because the peoples' testimonies in this had to work 12 hours at the least in the dark. For example, Sarah Gooder, was eight and she was working long, hard hours. A man named, Thomas Wilson, who is the owner of three collieries, believes woman shouldn't work in coal mines, and also believes that men should be educated to work effectively. However, woman did work in coal mines, and men were not educated therefore causing more injuries. Also Isabella Reed was only twelve and was working too many hours for that age. Many kids would also get beaten if they showed up late to work. Not to mention that many of them had to walk to work. Patience, another person whose testimony was about their childhood, stated that they did not even get breaks and that she could not even read or write. Lastly, there was Ben Miller, who worked many hours right along side the others, without any breaks. All these things prove that this was the most influential because it showed how hard it truly was to work in these horrible working conditions.
2. In my opinion, i think the most influential siting on the working conditions during the Industrial Revolution is the "Ashley's Mines Commission Testimony". I think this is the most influential because the peoples' testimonies in this had to work 12 hours at the least in the dark. For example, Sarah Gooder, was eight and she was working long, hard hours. A man named, Thomas Wilson, who is the owner of three collieries, believes woman shouldn't work in coal mines, and also believes that men should be educated to work effectively. However, woman did work in coal mines, and men were not educated therefore causing more injuries. Also Isabella Reed was only twelve and was working too many hours for that age. Many kids would also get beaten if they showed up late to work. Not to mention that many of them had to walk to work. Patience, another person whose testimony was about their childhood, stated that they did not even get breaks and that she could not even read or write. Lastly, there was Ben Miller, who worked many hours right along side the others, without any breaks. All these things prove that this was the most influential because it showed how hard it truly was to work in these horrible working conditions.
Sunday, November 2, 2008
Essay on Population & Wealth of Nations
The 8 main topics covered in Malthus's "Essay on Population" include:
- The population will not grow if there is not enough food to go around.
- Plants and animals only care about providing for their offspring, while man cares only about himself.
- The population will grow at a fast speed due to the basic needs of humans.
- As the population grows, the work force becomes larger as well, and therefore the boss or person in charge has less money to pay to the labourers. Since he has less money to give out, they have to work much harder to earn the same amount of money as before.
- When people die in war, the population then adjusts and repopulates.
- A poor man can not go higher in society without putting a stress on that higher class.
- The rich gain favor for themselves by making the wages higher in a year with little profit, but when the market gets a high profit year... they make excuses to take the majority of the money.
- Agriculture has a limit due to land space being taken up, while population has no limit. Therefore, as the population keeps growing and doubling... there will not be enough food to feed everyone.
The 9 main topics covered in Smith's "Wealth of Nations" include:
- Rotate different crops during each season so more is produced instead of just growing one crop all year round. This is called crop rotation.
- More is produced when the work is done in one work place because more effort is put into the work consistently.
- Machine and tools have helped improved productivity also.
- A free market economy is the best thing for society.
- Meritocracy is a more beneficial way to run a society because it means that leadership is based on talent instead of social standings or wealth.
- A "system of perfect liberty" was used in his work to describe what we call today, capitalism. Capitalism is the idea of a market economy where supply and demand is used. Supply and demand is having the price of the items equal the amount wanted by the consumers. Production and distribution was maintained by private individuals or corporations.
- The amount of supply made yearly is based on two things. First it is based on the skill of the labourers. Secondly, the number of labourers who are employed good workers must be in balance with those who are not employed.
- There is a limit to division of labour. The limit is based on the extent of the market. This means that if the market grows to a certain limit, the division of labour will grow to be in proportion with it.
- If one wants to not be wasteful in a time of peace, then when war breaks out... they become in debt. The only money they have for war is the same as they had when they were in "peace". So then the government has to borrow money from other countries and soon that country becomes dependent on other countries.
Thursday, October 16, 2008
Unit 1 Exam Outlines
1. The American Revolution Outline
I. Reasons/Causes
1. Logistics
a. 3,400 miles away (distance)
b. takes a year to get there and back (time)
2. Ideology
a. Enlightenment- people started thinking for themselves.
b. Philosophers- John Locke, Paine, Hobbes, Rousseau, Montesquieu
3. Legislative Problems
a. Acts- Navigation, Sugar and Currency, Stamp,, Declaratory, Townshend, Tea Act of 1773
1. Taxation Without Representation
b. Proclamation Line of 1763
c. War Debt
II. The Fight
1. Boston Massacre
2. Boston Tea Party
III. Global Significance
1. Colonies gain independence
2. First time King/ Monarchy is overthrown
3. Land granted west of the Mississippi to America
4. Influenced other Revolutions (French)
2. The Enlightenment Outline
I. The Age of Reason
A. Scientific Revolution
1. Time that it took place (18th century)
2. Focused on scientific ideas
a. Copernicus- went against church, stated that the sun was center of universe (heliocentric)
b. Newton- described universal gravitation and the three laws of motions
B. Enlightenment
1. started in France and branched out
2. More about philosophy and challenging of the Catholic Church
3. Philosophers- Locke, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Voltaire
a. Locke- life, liberty, and property
b. Montesquieu- checks and balances, separation of powers
c. Rousseau- social contract was to help community
d. Voltaire- against Catholic Church, believes in Freedom of Speech. "I disapprove of what you say, but i will defend to the death your right to say it." and Separation of Church and State.
II. Global Significance
1. Started to get people to question the Church.
2. Influenced many Revolutions (American and French etc.)
3. The French Revolution Outline
I. Reasons/Causes
1. Socially
a. Enlightenment- got people thinking
b. 3 Estates- Political Body
c. American Revolution- showed Monarchy could be overthrown
2. Politically
a. King Louis- weak leadership skills, treated people unfairly
b. 3 Estates thought they were being treated unfairly and being used by the Church
3. Economically
a. Debt from The 7 Year War
b. Spending money on material things
II. The fight
1. Army vs. the People
2. Bastille Day
3. Reign of Terror
4. March on Versailles
III. Global Significance
1. New ideas spread
2. Influenced Latin and South America Revolution and others
3. Showed society that things can be changed
4. Taught people about individual freedom
I. Reasons/Causes
1. Logistics
a. 3,400 miles away (distance)
b. takes a year to get there and back (time)
2. Ideology
a. Enlightenment- people started thinking for themselves.
b. Philosophers- John Locke, Paine, Hobbes, Rousseau, Montesquieu
3. Legislative Problems
a. Acts- Navigation, Sugar and Currency, Stamp,, Declaratory, Townshend, Tea Act of 1773
1. Taxation Without Representation
b. Proclamation Line of 1763
c. War Debt
II. The Fight
1. Boston Massacre
2. Boston Tea Party
III. Global Significance
1. Colonies gain independence
2. First time King/ Monarchy is overthrown
3. Land granted west of the Mississippi to America
4. Influenced other Revolutions (French)
2. The Enlightenment Outline
I. The Age of Reason
A. Scientific Revolution
1. Time that it took place (18th century)
2. Focused on scientific ideas
a. Copernicus- went against church, stated that the sun was center of universe (heliocentric)
b. Newton- described universal gravitation and the three laws of motions
B. Enlightenment
1. started in France and branched out
2. More about philosophy and challenging of the Catholic Church
3. Philosophers- Locke, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Voltaire
a. Locke- life, liberty, and property
b. Montesquieu- checks and balances, separation of powers
c. Rousseau- social contract was to help community
d. Voltaire- against Catholic Church, believes in Freedom of Speech. "I disapprove of what you say, but i will defend to the death your right to say it." and Separation of Church and State.
II. Global Significance
1. Started to get people to question the Church.
2. Influenced many Revolutions (American and French etc.)
3. The French Revolution Outline
I. Reasons/Causes
1. Socially
a. Enlightenment- got people thinking
b. 3 Estates- Political Body
c. American Revolution- showed Monarchy could be overthrown
2. Politically
a. King Louis- weak leadership skills, treated people unfairly
b. 3 Estates thought they were being treated unfairly and being used by the Church
3. Economically
a. Debt from The 7 Year War
b. Spending money on material things
II. The fight
1. Army vs. the People
2. Bastille Day
3. Reign of Terror
4. March on Versailles
III. Global Significance
1. New ideas spread
2. Influenced Latin and South America Revolution and others
3. Showed society that things can be changed
4. Taught people about individual freedom
Tuesday, October 14, 2008
Simon Bolivar's Message to the Congress of Angostura
In Simon Bolivar's Message to the Congress of Angostura, he states that Latin American people deserve their independence.
1. The first time he mentions freedom he says, "Americans by birth and Europeans by law, we find ourselves engaged in a dual conflict: we are disputing with the natives for titles of ownership, and at the same time we are struggling to maintain ourselves in the country that gave us birth against the opposition of the invaders." This means that they are Latin Americans by birth, but Europeans by law because they have a mother country in Europe. They are fighting with the people of Latin America for ownership, but also they are fighting to keep their country away from the invaders of Europe. Either their mother country needs to give them more rights or else they need to let them go and fend for themselves.
2. The next part that he states is, "As our role has always been strictly passive and political existence nil, we find that our quest for liberty is now even more difficult of accomplishment; for we, having been placed in a state lower than slavery, had been robbed not only of our freedom but also of the right to exercise an active domestic tyranny. . ." He is saying that even though Latin American people never really had a right to say or do what they feel, it is now gotten worse. He also says that they are being treated worse than slaves and that not only do they not have freedom, but they are also being denied the right to exercise a domestic tyranny. Latin American should have the right to freedom and instead of things getting worse, they should be getting that much better.
3. Next is when he says, "We have been ruled more by deceit than by force, and we have been degraded more by vice than by superstition." He is saying here that they are being ruled by lies, not force, and brought down by immoral conduct, not superstition. They are being treated like dirt, which is not right at all and things should change so they can have freedom and rights.
4. Lastly he says, "Give Venezuela such an executive power in the person of a president chosen by the people or their representatives, and you will have taken a great step toward national happiness. No matter what citizen occupies this office, he will be aided by the Constitution, and therein being authorized to do good, he can do no harm, because his ministers will cooperate with him only insofar as he abides by the law." This basically translates to him saying that if someone of the people were to represent all the people, then this would make everyone happy. It does not matter who that person is because the Constitution will help him and his helpers will help him as long as he follows the law. The people deserve a say in the power and this is a type of freedom.
He also stated that English-America is completely different than Spanish-American, therefore they can not adopt their ways. This is comparing the American Revolution to the Latin American Revolution.
1. The first time he mentions freedom he says, "Americans by birth and Europeans by law, we find ourselves engaged in a dual conflict: we are disputing with the natives for titles of ownership, and at the same time we are struggling to maintain ourselves in the country that gave us birth against the opposition of the invaders." This means that they are Latin Americans by birth, but Europeans by law because they have a mother country in Europe. They are fighting with the people of Latin America for ownership, but also they are fighting to keep their country away from the invaders of Europe. Either their mother country needs to give them more rights or else they need to let them go and fend for themselves.
2. The next part that he states is, "As our role has always been strictly passive and political existence nil, we find that our quest for liberty is now even more difficult of accomplishment; for we, having been placed in a state lower than slavery, had been robbed not only of our freedom but also of the right to exercise an active domestic tyranny. . ." He is saying that even though Latin American people never really had a right to say or do what they feel, it is now gotten worse. He also says that they are being treated worse than slaves and that not only do they not have freedom, but they are also being denied the right to exercise a domestic tyranny. Latin American should have the right to freedom and instead of things getting worse, they should be getting that much better.
3. Next is when he says, "We have been ruled more by deceit than by force, and we have been degraded more by vice than by superstition." He is saying here that they are being ruled by lies, not force, and brought down by immoral conduct, not superstition. They are being treated like dirt, which is not right at all and things should change so they can have freedom and rights.
4. Lastly he says, "Give Venezuela such an executive power in the person of a president chosen by the people or their representatives, and you will have taken a great step toward national happiness. No matter what citizen occupies this office, he will be aided by the Constitution, and therein being authorized to do good, he can do no harm, because his ministers will cooperate with him only insofar as he abides by the law." This basically translates to him saying that if someone of the people were to represent all the people, then this would make everyone happy. It does not matter who that person is because the Constitution will help him and his helpers will help him as long as he follows the law. The people deserve a say in the power and this is a type of freedom.
He also stated that English-America is completely different than Spanish-American, therefore they can not adopt their ways. This is comparing the American Revolution to the Latin American Revolution.
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