Unit 2 Short Answer Questions

1. The Enclosure Movement gave rise to the growth of cities. The definition of enclosure is the process of rich landowners taking over land of peasant farmers. Landowners wanted to make bigger fields that could be cultivated more easily for their wool. Therefore farm output rose when enclosure did. Small landowners could not compete with the large landowners and therefore they were forced off their land. So as they left, they looked for jobs and work. They went to cities, where they would become the work force.


2. Mass Society switched power to the middle and lower classes in the 19th century. Most of the wealthy upper class moved out of the cities because it was dirty and unsanitary. By moving out, it left all the middle and lower class to be in charge of the government and be in charge. Not to mention that before the wealthy left, middle and lower class were protesting about unfair wages and working conditions. Business owners tried to ignore all these complaints, but after time the middle and lower classes got their way. The middle and lower classes got their way because they were the ones that would effect the upper class's income depending on their work because the nobles would need the money brought by the industrial rich to support their expensive life styles and the lands they owned.


3. Immigration and the decline of the slave trade gave rise to the Labor Unions. Employers did not want to use the slaves and the slaves were only used if they had to be. Therefore, the employers hired the middle class and lower class workmen, who became the labor force. They protested low wages, long hours, and unsafe conditions. They had strikes to demand better working conditions, or other benefits that they wanted to receive. Pressured by all of this, the employers had to give more rights and benefits to the middle and lower class. Because of this, the workers formed labor unions, which are organizations of workers who have banned together to make common goals in working conditions, wages, and hours.

Obama's Cabinet Positions

1. Secretary of State
I think Obama should pick Hillary Clinton for Secretary of State. She has done extensive travel to foreign countries and is respected by others. She also has had meetings with different country officials, which makes her perfect for this position.

2. Treasury
I believe that Obama should pick Warren Buffett for this position. He has much experience managing money and he is one of the richest, if not the richest man on earth. He is a great investor, businessman, and philanthropist, which makes him just right for the position.

3. Defense
The person I think Obama should pick for Defense is John McCain. When he was younger, he was in the Vietnam War, and he has much experience in this field. Also, he knows many tactics that would help the United States when it comes to war because of all his years and family background in the military.

4. Energy
Sarah Palin would be a good choice for this position because she has many good ideas when it comes to this topic. She wants to get rid of our dependence upon foreign oil and see our country become independent and self-reliant. Also, she believes in finding renewable energy power, such as solar, wind, hydroelectric, and natural gas.

5. Education
I believe Joel Klein should be chosen for Secretary of Education. He is currently New York City's chancellor and has much experience in the education department. Also, he is on agreement with Obama because he is a big, important role when it comes to charter schools.

Working Conditions During the Industrial Revolution

1. The evidence given before the Sadler Committee helped to establish the Factory Acts or 1833. In the "Benefit of Factory Legislation", it stated that people and kids were working in the dark for at least 13 hour shifts. Also, that the atmosphere in which they were working in, was very bad due to the coal dust. Not to mention that kids were becoming deformed from standing or from sitting too long. In "Physical Deterioration of the Textile Workers", it states that children are developing abnormally because they are not getting enough exercise. Their spine grows irregularly, along with their leg bones growing bent. In addition to this, their growth was stunted because only one set of muscles were used and the others were not being used at all. In "Ashley's Mines Commission Testimony", four people have their testimonies about work in the mines. Part one is about a strapper named Sarah Gooder, who works in the dark for twelve hours and she is only eight years old. Next, is Isabella Reed, who is a coal bearer, and is only twelve years old. Then in part 3 there is Patience. She can't read and write, but she works many long hours. Lastly, there is Ben Miller, who is an undertaker, and along with all the rest of them, works long, hard hours. In the "Sadler Committee Evidence", one person, who started working at eight years old, had to wake up everyday at five in the morning. They were beaten if late to work, did not get breaks, and were working twelve to sixteen hour shifts. Also, the people were expected to work at the fast pace of machines. All these things brought about the Factory Acts of 1833, which were child labor reforms.

2. In my opinion, i think the most influential siting on the working conditions during the Industrial Revolution is the "Ashley's Mines Commission Testimony". I think this is the most influential because the peoples' testimonies in this had to work 12 hours at the least in the dark. For example, Sarah Gooder, was eight and she was working long, hard hours. A man named, Thomas Wilson, who is the owner of three collieries, believes woman shouldn't work in coal mines, and also believes that men should be educated to work effectively. However, woman did work in coal mines, and men were not educated therefore causing more injuries. Also Isabella Reed was only twelve and was working too many hours for that age. Many kids would also get beaten if they showed up late to work. Not to mention that many of them had to walk to work. Patience, another person whose testimony was about their childhood, stated that they did not even get breaks and that she could not even read or write. Lastly, there was Ben Miller, who worked many hours right along side the others, without any breaks. All these things prove that this was the most influential because it showed how hard it truly was to work in these horrible working conditions.

Essay on Population & Wealth of Nations

The 8 main topics covered in Malthus's "Essay on Population" include:

• The population will not grow if there is not enough food to go around.

• Plants and animals only care about providing for their offspring, while man cares only about himself.

• The population will grow at a fast speed due to the basic needs of humans.

• As the population grows, the work force becomes larger as well, and therefore the boss or person in charge has less money to pay to the labourers. Since he has less money to give out, they have to work much harder to earn the same amount of money as before.

• When people die in war, the population then adjusts and repopulates.

• A poor man can not go higher in society without putting a stress on that higher class.

• The rich gain favor for themselves by making the wages higher in a year with little profit, but when the market gets a high profit year... they make excuses to take the majority of the money.

• Agriculture has a limit due to land space being taken up, while population has no limit. Therefore, as the population keeps growing and doubling... there will not be enough food to feed everyone.

The 9 main topics covered in Smith's "Wealth of Nations" include:

• Rotate different crops during each season so more is produced instead of just growing one crop all year round. This is called crop rotation.

• More is produced when the work is done in one work place because more effort is put into the work consistently.

• Machine and tools have helped improved productivity also.

• A free market economy is the best thing for society.

• Meritocracy is a more beneficial way to run a society because it means that leadership is based on talent instead of social standings or wealth.

• A "system of perfect liberty" was used in his work to describe what we call today, capitalism. Capitalism is the idea of a market economy where supply and demand is used. Supply and demand is having the price of the items equal the amount wanted by the consumers. Production and distribution was maintained by private individuals or corporations.

• The amount of supply made yearly is based on two things. First it is based on the skill of the labourers. Secondly, the number of labourers who are employed good workers must be in balance with those who are not employed.

• There is a limit to division of labour. The limit is based on the extent of the market. This means that if the market grows to a certain limit, the division of labour will grow to be in proportion with it.

• If one wants to not be wasteful in a time of peace, then when war breaks out... they become in debt. The only money they have for war is the same as they had when they were in "peace". So then the government has to borrow money from other countries and soon that country becomes dependent on other countries.

Unit 1 Exam Outlines

1. The American Revolution Outline

I. Reasons/Causes
1. Logistics
a. 3,400 miles away (distance)
b. takes a year to get there and back (time)
2. Ideology
a. Enlightenment- people started thinking for themselves.
b. Philosophers- John Locke, Paine, Hobbes, Rousseau, Montesquieu
3. Legislative Problems
a. Acts- Navigation, Sugar and Currency, Stamp,, Declaratory, Townshend, Tea Act of 1773
1. Taxation Without Representation
b. Proclamation Line of 1763
c. War Debt
II. The Fight
1. Boston Massacre
2. Boston Tea Party
III. Global Significance
1. Colonies gain independence
2. First time King/ Monarchy is overthrown
3. Land granted west of the Mississippi to America
4. Influenced other Revolutions (French)


2. The Enlightenment Outline

I. The Age of Reason
A. Scientific Revolution
1. Time that it took place (18th century)
2. Focused on scientific ideas
a. Copernicus- went against church, stated that the sun was center of universe (heliocentric)
b. Newton- described universal gravitation and the three laws of motions
B. Enlightenment
1. started in France and branched out
2. More about philosophy and challenging of the Catholic Church
3. Philosophers- Locke, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Voltaire
a. Locke- life, liberty, and property
b. Montesquieu- checks and balances, separation of powers
c. Rousseau- social contract was to help community
d. Voltaire- against Catholic Church, believes in Freedom of Speech. "I disapprove of what you say, but i will defend to the death your right to say it." and Separation of Church and State.
II. Global Significance
1. Started to get people to question the Church.
2. Influenced many Revolutions (American and French etc.)


3. The French Revolution Outline

I. Reasons/Causes
1. Socially
a. Enlightenment- got people thinking
b. 3 Estates- Political Body
c. American Revolution- showed Monarchy could be overthrown
2. Politically
a. King Louis- weak leadership skills, treated people unfairly
b. 3 Estates thought they were being treated unfairly and being used by the Church
3. Economically
a. Debt from The 7 Year War
b. Spending money on material things
II. The fight
1. Army vs. the People
2. Bastille Day
3. Reign of Terror
4. March on Versailles
III. Global Significance
1. New ideas spread
2. Influenced Latin and South America Revolution and others
3. Showed society that things can be changed
4. Taught people about individual freedom

Simon Bolivar's Message to the Congress of Angostura

In Simon Bolivar's Message to the Congress of Angostura, he states that Latin American people deserve their independence.

1. The first time he mentions freedom he says, "Americans by birth and Europeans by law, we find ourselves engaged in a dual conflict: we are disputing with the natives for titles of ownership, and at the same time we are struggling to maintain ourselves in the country that gave us birth against the opposition of the invaders." This means that they are Latin Americans by birth, but Europeans by law because they have a mother country in Europe. They are fighting with the people of Latin America for ownership, but also they are fighting to keep their country away from the invaders of Europe. Either their mother country needs to give them more rights or else they need to let them go and fend for themselves.

2. The next part that he states is, "As our role has always been strictly passive and political existence nil, we find that our quest for liberty is now even more difficult of accomplishment; for we, having been placed in a state lower than slavery, had been robbed not only of our freedom but also of the right to exercise an active domestic tyranny. . ." He is saying that even though Latin American people never really had a right to say or do what they feel, it is now gotten worse. He also says that they are being treated worse than slaves and that not only do they not have freedom, but they are also being denied the right to exercise a domestic tyranny. Latin American should have the right to freedom and instead of things getting worse, they should be getting that much better.

3. Next is when he says, "We have been ruled more by deceit than by force, and we have been degraded more by vice than by superstition." He is saying here that they are being ruled by lies, not force, and brought down by immoral conduct, not superstition. They are being treated like dirt, which is not right at all and things should change so they can have freedom and rights.

4. Lastly he says, "Give Venezuela such an executive power in the person of a president chosen by the people or their representatives, and you will have taken a great step toward national happiness. No matter what citizen occupies this office, he will be aided by the Constitution, and therein being authorized to do good, he can do no harm, because his ministers will cooperate with him only insofar as he abides by the law." This basically translates to him saying that if someone of the people were to represent all the people, then this would make everyone happy. It does not matter who that person is because the Constitution will help him and his helpers will help him as long as he follows the law. The people deserve a say in the power and this is a type of freedom.

He also stated that English-America is completely different than Spanish-American, therefore they can not adopt their ways. This is comparing the American Revolution to the Latin American Revolution.

Declaration of the Rights of Man

1. Everyone has the same amount of rights as others. Class distinction may only take place if everyone agrees.
2. The rights that all men have when born, are life, property, security, and resistance to authority in a cruel of unjust manner.
3. All power and authority comes from the nation. No individual can have power unless it comes from the nation.
4. Liberty is the freedom to do anything, as long as one is not hurting others or putting others in danger. The natural rights of man has no limit except that others have the same rights.
5. Laws can only be made to protect society from getting hurt. Nothing can be stopped if it is not a law, and no one will be forced to do anything the law does not say to do.
6. The law is made according to the general will of the people. Everyone has a say, whether it be personally or through a representative. Everyone can be eligible to have some public position and have the right to any occupation they want according to their talents and abilities.
7. No one should be accused, arrested or imprisoned unless stated by the law. Any one soliciting, etc. will be punished. Any person arrested in virtue of the law, will give in because if they do not, it is an offense.
8. Punishments are not to be to strict or horrible for the crime. The punishment must fit the crime. No one should be punished, unless the law states it and it is passed by the commission of the offense.
9. Everyone is innocent until proven guilty. If arrest is necessary, all things that were not important to the securing of the prisoner's person will be repressed due to the law.
10. No one should be bothered regarding their opinions. This includes their religion, as long as it does not bother the public order stated by the law.
11. The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most important rights given to man. Everyone may speak, write, and print anything, but one must be responsible of the abuse of this freedom.
12. The rights of man requires public military force. However, the forces are for the good of everyone, not just of those intrusted in it.
13. A common donation is needed in order to maintain the public forces and administration. This donation should be evenly distributed to all the people according to how much they have.
14. Everyone has the right to decide the necessity of the donation, what it is used for, and to divide it proportionally throughout the people, and also the mode for the collection and duration of taxes.
15. Society can require public agents an account of their administration.
16. A society has no constitution if the laws are not enforced, and checks and balances does not take place.
17. Property is a sacred right and can only be taken away legally for the public necessity if demanded and only if the owner is reimbursed.

The propagandistic value of the image includes putting light and angels at the top because this makes it appear godly, which makes people want to follow the laws even more. Also, the "Eye of providence", which is located in the triangle, sometimes represents the eye of God watching down on mankind. This picture reminds me of The Ten Commandments. What is trying to be accomplished is, they want the people to think it is godly like The Ten Commandments, therefore it must be obeyed.

"Common Sense" by Thomas Paine

1st Quote- "It is repugnant to reason, to the universal order of things to all examples from former ages, to suppose, that this continent can longer remain subject to any external power. The most sanguine in Britain does not think so. The utmost stretch of human wisdom cannot, at this time, compass a plan short of separation, which can promise the continent even a year's security." This is basically saying it is nearly impossible for Britain to be running a colony, while being so far away. Britain is around 3,000 miles away from the colonies and yet they claim they are running them well? They have no idea what the colonists are going through and therefore should not be taxing and making decisions for them. This quote helped influence the colonists because it helped them realize how far Britain really was, and how they should be able to make their own decisions.


2nd Quote- "Europe is too thickly planted with Kingdoms to be long at peace, and whenever a war breaks out between England and any foreign power, the trade of America goes to ruin, BECAUSE OF HER CONNECTION WITH BRITAIN. The next war may not turn out like the last, and should it not, the advocates for reconciliation now will be wishing for separation then, because neutrality in that case would be a safer convoy than a man of war. Every thing that is right or reasonable pleads for separation. The blood of the slain, the weeping voice of nature cries, 'TIS TIME TO PART." This is saying that whenever England goes to war with another country, that the American Colonists are a part of that war too because they are connected to Britain. This turns countries against the colonists, even though it's really Britain's fault and not the colonists. Paine tells the colonists it is time to depart from Britain and move on to be independent. This influenced the undecided colonists because it helped them take the extra step they needed to revolt against the British.


3rd Quote- "WHEREFORE, instead of gazing at each other with suspicious or doubtful curiosity, let each of us hold out to his neighbor the hearty hand of friendship, and unite in drawing a line, which, like an act of oblivion, shall bury in forgetfulness every former dissension. Let the names of Whig and Tory be extinct; and let none other be heard among us, than those of a good citizen, an open and resolute friend, and a virtuous supporter of the RIGHTS of MANKIND, and of the FREE AND INDEPENDENT STATES OF AMERICA." This strongly impacted the American Colonists because he basically told them to get up and do something about it. He told them to come together and stop it at once. He also stated that the Torys and Whigs should be forgotten and that everyone should be a supporter of the rights of man.

Sources- http://www.ushistory.org/paine/commonsense/singlehtml.htm



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What is Enlightenment?

1. When Kant says "freedom", he means that mankind should be able to have the freedom to make decisions for themselves in all situations. For example, it says in the except, "All that is required for this is enlightenment is freedom; and particularly the least harmful of all that may be called freedom, namely, the freedom for man to make public use of his reason in all matters."

2. Kant feels that freedom is so central to the Enlightenment because without freedom it is hard for a person to work themselves out of immaturity. Man can not think for themselves because things are always handed to them. For example, Kant says, "He has even become fond of this state and for the time being is actually incapable of using his own understanding, for no one has ever allowed him to attempt it."

3. People become enlightened by releasing themselves from their self-imposed immaturity. Kant says, "All that is required for this is enlightenment is freedom...the freedom for man to make public use of his reason in all matters." An appropriate environment to accomplish this is one that does not lay everything out for you. For example, one must be able to make choices by themselves, without the help of others. Kant gives an example of this by saying, "If I have a book to serve as my understanding, a pastor to serve as my conscience, a physician to determine my diet for me, and so on, I need not exert myself at all."

4. Kant relates enlightenment to politics by saying, "But the manner of thinking of a head of state who favors religious enlightenment goes even further, for he realizes that there is no danger to his legislation in allowing his subjects to use reason publicly and to set before the world their thoughts concerning better formulations of his laws, even if this involves frank criticism of legislation currently in effect." This means that the head of state that allows his people to make decisions for themselves is helping the enlightenment.

Offices of the Roman Republic

The first office of the Roman Republic that I am going to start off with is the Consul. I believe the consul is compared to the President of the American Democracy. They are similar because they are both chief military commanders. Also they both have an age requirement. A consul must be forty-one, or forty-two; depending on if they are a Patrician or Plebeian. A President must be thirty-five years old. Lastly, I believe that they are similar because a Consul is the highest office in the SPQR and the President is the highest in the American Democracy. The next SPQR office I am going to be using to compare is the Aedile. I believe it is like a Governor because they both help maintain public buildings, and regulate public festivals. Also, they both have to enforce public rules and orders. Being an Aedile or Governor are perfect ways to increase popularity and get their name known among others.

One difference between the Roman Senate and the American Senate is that the main purpose for the Roman Senate was to be an advisory council to the two Roman Consuls on military policy, while the main purpose of the American Senate is to ratify treaties with foreign governments and to "check and balance" the power of the federal governments. Secondly, the Roman Senate was a political institution to the Roman Republic, while the American Senate is the upper house of the bicameral United States Congress.

Pericles Funeral Oration

1. According to Pericles, Athens is great because everyone can be apart of the government, whether they are wealthy or poor. He specifically says, "Our form of government is called a democracy because its administration is in the hands, not of a few, but of the whole people." Public office is not based on social standing, but on ability. There is relaxation at home and since Athens is so great he says, "all kinds of imports flow in to us from all over the world."

2. Athens is less strict as a whole when compared to other city-states. Pericles says, "Our city is open to all the world." They do not hide anything from other city-states. Instead of relying on military, they rely on courage. For education, we are always ready to face danger just like the others. Also, they make friendship by helping others, not by being helped. He states, "Helping others makes us a more trustworthy friend, because we then act so as not to lose the good will that our help created."

3. With all the good things, comes some problems in Pericles' description of Athens. Pericles says, "No man is kept out of public office by the obscurity of his social standing because of his
poverty, as long as he wishes to be of service to the state." They take everyone into office if they want to be in it. This is a problem because the person could be uneducated and therefore make wrong decisions for the city-state. Another problem is that they do not have some form of defense. This could result in a disaster if a war were to break out.

Plato & Aristotle Notes

1. Plato
- student of Socrates
- aristocrat (wealthy background)
- his mother married Pericles
- disciple of Socrates
- watched Socrates execution
- left Athens and traveled through Italy and Egypt
- went back to Athens and set up a university called "The Academy"
- taught astronomy etc.
- Aristotle became one of his students
- Plato's stories include The Republic, The Apology, and The Laws
- he invented a mythical city (Atlantis)
- he also invented a place that he speaks of in dialogue as eternal punishment (hell)
- wrote about people's views about the world
- compares life to people in a cave, facing away from the opening, and watching the shadows pass them by
- he believed there were 3 classes: desiring, spiritual, and rational
- desiring always wanted more
- spiritual enjoyed life to the fullest
- rational was educated and very smart
- he believed that if the rational ruled, there would be harmony
- died in 347

2. Aristotle
- disciple of Plato circa 384-322
- more of a scientific guy than Plato
- his father was the personal physician for King of Athens
- moved to Athens at age seventeen and enrolled in "The Academy" for twenty years
- when Plato died, Aristotle left Athens
- he then gets together with the Macedonia King, Philip II
- King Philip asks Aristotle to be the personal tutor of his son, Alexander the Great
- Soon after, Aristotle starts his school "Lyceum"
- its not as formal as "The Academy"
- its a perapedic school and Aristotle's students would follow him on walks for lectures
- starts 2 classes: Esoteric and Exoteric
- Esoteric is private, while Exoteric is public
- he wrote books about metaphysics and ethics
- he made the theory of geocentricity, but was proved wrong by Copernicus
- also he said heavier items fall faster than lighter items, but was proved wrong by Galileo
- did not believe in evolution
- called God a "Prime Mover"
- named earth, wind, fire, and water as the elements
- believed that the soul could leave the body
- believed women could never be excellent, but only intellectual, upper class men could achieve excellence
- called women and children barbarians
- believed women's sole purpose in life was to bare a son

3. Additional Work
Plato and Aristotle's background might have had an impact on their philosophies. Plato was one of Socrates's disciples and therefore that probably had some influence on his philosophies, since Socrates was teaching his believes to his students. One of Plato's ideas was on the topic of tyranny. He believed that if the educated ruled, then there would be harmony. Aristotle's background is that he was a student of Plato, therefore influenced by Plato's ideas. One of Aristotle's ideas was about law. He believed that a perfect constitution consists of half the government making decisions and the other half to be the King's choices.

Top 10 World Issues

10. Racism- Racism may not be thought of as a global problem, but it certainly is. People all over the world are racist toward each other. In Europe, many cultures exist in a small area, which causes hatred between them due to resource availability, but the color of their skin always adds more problems.
9. Democracy- Not everyone in this world has freedom and rights; instead they have to live under the rules of higher authority. An example is Red China.
8. Tobacco Consumption- More and more tobacco is being consumed by people all around the world. Not only does it kill millions, but it also causes poverty and damages the environment.
7. Poverty- Nearly three billion people have to live on two dollars a day or less. That is approximately half the world living at a budget that is very hard to maintain.
6. Human Population- The human population has been growing very rapidly and as this happens, the land becomes more crowded, therefore making living spaces more polluted. Also, natural resources are becoming less abundant as more people use them faster than they can replenish.
5. World Hunger- Food prices have been rising faster than ever lately. Many people do not have the money or ability to purchase these high priced foods. In addition to this, the distribution of food to countries is not equal.
4. Nuclear Weapons- Many countries are said to have nuclear weapons. This poses a threat to all other countries around the world. One country that has nuclear weapons is North Korea.
3. Environmental Issues- Human activity, such as fossil fuels, are causing mass extinctions of species and ecosystems. This is bad because biodiversity is very important and helps an ecosystem recover from natural disasters easier.
2. Health Issues- Many people can not afford treatment for curable diseases, therefore they die when they could have been saved. Also, health care systems have not been provided for over a billion people. Last but not least, over ten million children under the age of five die from malnutrition each and every year.
1. Global Warming- The earth is warming up, polar ice caps are melting, ocean levels are rising, and species are becoming extinct. Air pollutants from fossil fuels, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide from cars, airplanes, and buildings, and much more causes global warming. One of the greatest problems facing earth might be climate change.

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